Jhala Zalim Singh

Jhala Zalim Singh was a powerful statesman from Kota, Rajasthan, during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Although he never held the title of ruler, his influence in Kota and neighboring states often surpassed that of reigning monarchs.

Early Life

Zalim Singh was born in 1739, shortly after the death of his father. He was adopted by his uncle Himmat Singh, the commander of the Kota forces. After Himmat Singh’s death in 1758, Zalim Singh inherited his jagir of Nanta and the post of Fauzdar (military commander).

Rise to Power

In 1761, he gained recognition after defeating the Jaipur army at the Battle of Bhatwara, where his forces captured elephants, horses, cannons, and the Jaipur state flag. His bravery earned him fame and led to greater responsibilities under Maharao Shatrushal of Kota. After Shatrushal’s death, his successor Guman Singh appointed Zalim Singh as Musahib-i-Ala (prime minister). Over time, he became the de facto ruler of Kota.

Conflict and Return

Following disagreements, Zalim Singh was expelled from Kota and took refuge in Mewar, where he was welcomed by Maharana Ari Singh. During this time, he fought against Maratha forces led by Scindia at Kshipra and was captured, later released through negotiation. In 1771, after instability in Kota, Zalim Singh was recalled and entrusted with the administration during the minority of Umed Singh, Guman Singh's son.

Administration of Kota

As the chief administrator, Zalim Singh ruled effectively despite challenges. The Marathas, especially Scindia and Holkar, along with Pindari raiders, heavily exploited the region. Zalim Singh’s leadership, diplomacy, and reform measures prevented economic collapse. He supported agriculture by offering aid to farmers, storing grain in forts, and encouraging local lending.

Dealing with the Pindaris

The Pindaris were irregular raiders who looted territories, often supported by Maratha leaders. As their raids increased, Zalim Singh initially used force but later changed his approach. He offered them settlement, jobs, and protection in return for peace. This policy succeeded in reducing plunder and brought relative stability to Kota. Leaders like Amir Khan and Karim Khan appreciated his efforts.

Alliance with the British

In the early 19th century, as Maratha power declined and British influence grew, Zalim Singh aligned with the East India Company. His support during British campaigns against the Pindaris gained him favor. As a result, he secured a treaty clause with the Company that granted his family the hereditary position of prime minister in Kota.